Simultaneous multi-material embedded printing for 3D heterogeneous structures

Abstract In order to mimic the natural heterogeneity of native tissue and provide a better microenvironment for cell culturing, multi-material bioprinting has become common solution construct models in vitro . With embedded printing method, complex 3D structure can be printed using soft biomaterials with reasonable shape fidelity. However, current sequential method faces major challenge, which is inevitable trade-off between structural integrity precision. Here, we propose simultaneous method. this easily print firmly attached high-precision multilayer structures. multiple individually controlled nozzles, different precisely deposited into single crevasse, minimizing uncontrolled squeezing guarantees no contamination embedding medium within structure. We analyse dynamics extruded bioink both analytically experimentally, quantitatively evaluate effects parameters including speed rheology medium, on morphology filament. demonstrate double-layer thin-walled structures, each layer less than 200 μ m, as well intestine liver 5% gelatin methacryloyl that are crosslinked extracted from without significant impairment or delamination. The peeling test further proves proposed offers conventional methods. serve powerful tool support heterogeneous fabrication open unique prospects personalized medicine.